NAT Deep Dive: PAT, Connection Tracking, and the Workarounds Around It
Networking from Scratch (lesson 15) — the three flavours of NAT (static, dynamic, PAT), how port translation actually multiplexes one public IP across hundreds of inside hosts, the conntrack table that makes it work, why STUN/TURN/ICE exist, what CGNAT does to your mobile traffic, and why IPv6 throws the whole machinery away.