Tag: Domain Mode

Systems Admin

Raise Active Directory Domain and Forest Functional Level

Raising AD functional level is a one-way change that unlocks newer features (PAM at 2016 forest, Protected Users at 2012 R2 domain, AD Recycle Bin at 2008 R2 forest) and removes support for older Windows Server DCs. The wizard click is fast; the pre-flight is where rollout time lives. Walks the full end-to-end procedure: replication health checks (repadmin /replsummary, Get-ADReplicationFailure), DC OS-version inventory (Get-ADDomainController), raise each domain via Active Directory Domains and Trusts (right-click domain - Raise Domain Functional Level - pick target - Raise - confirm), then raise the forest (right-click root - Raise Forest Functional Level), verify both via Properties dialog and Get-ADForest / Get-ADDomain PowerShell, then post-raise housekeeping (repadmin /syncall, Restart-Service kdc on each DC). Includes the order-matters rule (every domain must be at the new level before the forest dropdown will offer it), the FRS-to-DFS-R prerequisite for 2016, the powered-off-DC trap, and the irreversibility caveats.

Systems Admin

Forest and Domain Functional Levels in Active Directory: Theory

Functional levels are the rule book that controls what an Active Directory forest and the domains in it can do. They lock the minimum Windows Server version DCs can run, gate the features available across the directory, and shape every upgrade plan. Two attributes, two scopes - forest functional level (the floor for the whole forest) and domain functional level (per-domain, must be >= forest level). The current ceiling is Windows Server 2016; 2019 and 2022 DCs run at the 2016 level. Functional levels apply only to DCs - workstations and member servers can run any Windows version. Walks the theory: schema vs forest vs domain, the forest-beats-domain rule, the features unlocked at each level (DFS-R for SYSVOL at 2008, AD Recycle Bin at 2008 R2, gMSA at 2012, Protected Users at 2012 R2, PAM at 2016), the GUI check (Active Directory Domains and Trusts) and PowerShell check (Get-ADForest / Get-ADDomain), the FRS-to-DFS-R prerequisite for raising to 2016, and the four common misconceptions (functional level does NOT control client OS, does NOT speed up DCs, etc.).